Artemia Salina

Brine shrimp (Artemia salina) belong to a group of crustaceans that feed on microalgae and require a cellulase enzyme that can be used in obtaining bioproducts from marine algae.

From: Enzymes in Human and Fauna Nutrition , 2018

Advances in Morphogenesis

R.L. Brahmachary , in Advances in Morphogenesis, 1973

B Artemia

Artemia salina the brine shrimp, has an interesting embryology. As the early workers already knew, the "eggs" are dormant gastrulae. These cystlike objects, far more interesting than encysted amebas or plant seeds because they are dormant forms of a group of differentiated cells, take not yet received the attending they deserve in the field of molecular embryology. Urbani (1962) reviewed the classical biochemical embryology of these organisms. A number of enzymes are present in the "cysts" in appreciable amounts, some of these increase before hatching.

Hultin and Morris (1968) and Hultin et al, 1969)) studied the ribosomes of encysted Artemia. Every bit expected, poly U-directed incorporation of phenyl alanine in the presence of dormant ribosomes in inhibited past Mgii+ deficiency.

McClean and Warner (1971) recently studied the RNA synthesis blueprint in Artemia at hatching. Unfortunately, the embryos are not permeable to RNA precursors, and therefore RNA synthesis at hatching cannot be compared with prehatching transcription. Nevertheless, information technology is of involvement that newly hatched Artemia synthesize at least five different RNA fractions of which tRNA and a very heavy fraction are the most prominent.

This was established past fractionation on MAK columns. RNA and Dna extracted from different developmental stages, including the unincubated cysts, were compared. Fluctuations in the RNA content were establish to exist small. At all stages considerable amounts of heavy RNA seem to be. (Tabular array Five).

Table Five. Distribution of Nucleic Acids in Phenol Extracts of Artemia Embryos a

Percent of total nucleic acid extracted
Tissue grooming tRNA DNA rRNA b hRNA
Unincubated cysts 12 5 65 xviii
16-Hr Prenauplius larvae 12 seven 66 fifteen
26-Hour nauplii 10 vi 63 21
36-Hour nauplii 10 5 67 15
lx-Hour nauplii 11 7 67 fifteen
84-Hour nauplii ten vii 66 17
108-Hour nauplii 12 9 60 19
Cyst ribosomes c 0 0 75 25
a
The nucleic acids were prepared using a hot phenol procedure and were fractionated on columns of MAK. The 16-hour prenauplius larvas were collected as described and were substantially complimentary of underdeveloped cysts.
b
This fraction represents total ribosomal RNA; i.due east., rRNA1 + rRNA2 + rRNAthree.
c
The ribosomes were collected by centrifugation at 105,000 g for 120 minutes in a sucrose-saline solution. (From McClean and Warner, 1971, past permission of A academic Press, New York.)

Clegg and Golub (1969) take detected distinct sedimentation classes of the polyribosomes in the dormant gastrulae. Within iii minutes afterwards the cease of cryptobiosis, there is a rapid increase in poly peptide synthesis and polysome content. This problem is very similar to that of fertilization and postfertilization changes in the sea urchin. Bagshaw et al, 1970)) attacked the trouble of the tRNA population in Artemia. Practise the properties of tRNA change following cryptobiosis? In order to respond this question, eighteen amino acrid acceptors were tested, and the dormant gastrula and hatched nauplius were compared in this respect. Quantitative changes in the iso-accepting tRNA'due south were found in 9 cases out of 18.

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Essential Oils from the Medicinal Plants of Africa

Oladipupo A. Lawal , Isiaka A. Ogunwande , in Medicinal Establish Enquiry in Africa, 2013

5.iv.3 Cytotoxicity

Alkali shrimp ( Artemia salina ), also known as ocean monkey, is a uncomplicated zoological organism (marine invertebrate) nigh 1   mm in size. Their freeze-dried cysts (A. salina eggs) can last for several years and can be hatched into larvae without special equipment. The brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT) is a general bioassay that has been used successively for preliminary assessment of cytotoxicity testing of dental materials and marine natural products and antitumor agents, pesticides, and screening of constitute extracts for pharmacological activity [135,136]. Reports in the literature have shown a very positive correlation betwixt the lethality to brine shrimp and antitumoral action in the development of new anticancer drugs from plants. This correlation is considered loftier quality in relation to brine shrimp and is recommended equally an effective prescreening to cytotoxicity and antitumor assays [137]. More recently, it has been shown that at that place is a very good correlation betwixt the median lethal concentrations (LCfifty) and the median lethal doses (LD50) of the same plant extracts to brine shrimp larvae, administered orally in mice [138], although literature on the BSLT for plant essential oils is scanty. Nonetheless, cytotoxic activities of the essential oils of some found species take been reported [139–141].

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Salt Lakes☆

Brian Five. Timms , in Reference Module in World Systems and Environmental Sciences, 2021

Crustaceans

The near powerful osmotic regulators are anostracans Artemia "salina," Parartemia zietziana and past taxonomic analogousness, all species in these genera. In mesosaline and hypersaline waters these alkali shrimp (Fig. 7) maintain their body fluids at 350   mOsm   L−   one, which can be as depression as x% of the surroundings. They practice this past agile regulation, swallowing the medium, removing Na and Cl across the gut wall and secreting these ions through the gills. This requires energy, which tin can exceed metabolic gain at extreme salinities and result in death. Australia has an unusual crustacean in its saline lakes, an oniscoid isopod Haloniscus searli of terrestrial origins. It can osmoregulate to 160   k   L−   1 (Fig. 7).

Fig. 7

Fig. 7. Osmotic response curves for crustaceans in athalassic saline waters. (A) Artemia "salina" at 21o  ±   3   °C (Croghan, 1958); (B) Parartemia zietziana at 18   °C (Geddes, 1975); (C) Haloniscus searli at twenty   °C (Bayly and Ellis, 1969).

 Modified from Hammer UT (1986) Saline Lake Ecosystems of the World. Dordrecht: Junk.

Many lower crustaceans in saline waters (branchiopods, copepods, amphipods) osmocomform in hyposaline and even mesosaline weather condition. Perhaps in some cases, similar those in hypersaline waters, survival is by ionic regulation. The situation is only not known.

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The Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids

Osamu Hoshino , in The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Biology, 1998

C BIOLOGICAL Activeness

Narciclasine ( 205 ) and its glucoside 207 showed similar toxic activity (against Artemia salina ), with LDl values of 0.29 and 0.88 μg/ml for 205 and 207 , respectively. When assayed on a murphy disk infested past Agrobacterium tumefacienns, 205 showed a stiff antitumor initiation (60% inhibition), and the latter alkaloid, 207 , also exhibited like activity (53% inhibition) in the aforementioned assay ( 96 ).

Antiviral (RNA) activeness of narciclasine-type alkaloids and the related compounds have been examined extensively ( 139 ). Among these experiments, evaluation of pancratistatin ( 211 ) and 7-deoxypancratistatin ( 210 ) in ii murine Japanese encephalitis mouse models (differing in viral dose challenge, among other factors) has given interesting results. In ii experiments (low LDfifty viral challenge, variant I), safety administration of 211 at 4 mg and 6 mg/kg/day (2% EtOH/saline, sc, once daily for 7 days, twenty-four hours −i to +5) increased the survival of Japanese encephalitis-virus-infected mice to 100 and ninety%, respectively. In the same model, rubber administration of 210 at forty mg/kg/mean solar day in hydroxypropylcellulose (sc, once daily for 7 days, day −1 to +5) increased the survival of Japanese encephalitis-virus-infected mice to 80%. In a second variant (high LD50 viral challenge), assistants of 211 at 6 mg/kg/solar day (ip, twice daily for ix days, mean solar day −one to +7) resulted in a 50% survival rate. In all cases, there was no survival in the diluent-treated control mice. Thus, 210 and 211 demonstrated activity in mice infected with Japanese encephalitis virus, but only at nearly-toxic concentrations. This represents a rare demonstration of chemotherapeutic efficacy (by a substance other than an interferon inducer) in the Japanese encephalitis-virus-infected mouse model.

Telastaside ( 213 ) showed dose-dependent biphasic immunomodulatory responses ( 25 ). Its furnishings suggested inhibition or augmentation of enzyme (proteinase) and membrane integrity, as revealed from the viability or inhibition of growth of both normal and tumor cells ( 164 ).

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Acetaminophen

K. Shankar , H.M. Mehendale , in Encyclopedia of Toxicology (3rd Edition), 2014

Ecotoxicology

The acute toxicity of acetaminophen has been examined in several aquatic species. The LC50 value in brine shrimp ( Artemia salina ) examining bloodshed was reported to be 3820   μmol   50−1. The EC50 for immobility over a 24   h experiment using water flea (Daphnia magna) was 367   μmol   fifty−1. Acetaminophen is classified as not toxic or just slightly to moderately toxic in all fish (fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas) and zooplankton species tested. The crustacean fairy shrimp (Streptocephalus proboscideus) appears to be highly sensitive to acetaminophen (average LC50 of 196   μg   l−i).

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Cytotoxicity of African Medicinal Plants Against Normal Animal and Human Cells

Lyndy J. McGaw , ... Jacobus North. Eloff , in Toxicological Survey of African Medicinal Plants, 2014

viii.4.5 Alkali Shrimp Analysis

A unproblematic test which has been widely used as an indication of cytotoxicity is based on lethality to the larvae of the brine shrimp Artemia salina [39–42]. The alkali shrimp lethality bioassay is a rapid and inexpensive exam requiring a relatively small corporeality of sample (2–20   mg). This bioassay has been proposed to have a skillful correlation with cytotoxic activity in some human solid tumors and with pesticidal activity, leading to the discovery of annonaceous acetogenins as a new class of natural pesticides and antitumoral agents [43]. However, the value of a crustacean model in drawing conclusions regarding mammalian cytotoxicity is likely to be less than that of mammalian cell civilisation models.

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Passiflora edulis

G.S. Taïwe , V. Kuete , in Medicinal Spices and Vegetables from Africa, 2017

half-dozen.4 Cytotoxic activity

Alkali shrimp lethality bioassay is widely used in bioassay for bioactive compounds (Meyer et al., 1982; Zhao et al., 1992). Unproblematic zoological organism ( Artemia salina ) was used as a convenient monitor for the screening. The eggs of the brine shrimp were collected and hatched in artificial seawater (iii.8% NaCl solution) for 48 h to mature shrimp called nauplii. The cytotoxicity assay was performed on alkali shrimp nauplii using Meyer method (Meyer et al., 1982). The lethality of the crude petroleum ether and chloroform extracts of P. edulis leafage and stem to alkali shrimp was determined on A. salina afterwards 24 hr of exposure of the samples with the positive command, vincristine sulfate. This technique was applied for the conclusion of general toxic holding of the institute extractive. The chloroform extract of stem showed the lowest LC50 value and the petroleum ether excerpt of leaf showed highest value which was vi.63 and xi.17 k/mL, respectively (Meyer et al., 1982; Zhao et al., 1992).

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Polyploidy in Animals

T. RYAN GREGORY , BARBARA Chiliad. MABLE , in The Development of the Genome, 2005

BRINE SHRIMP (Lodge ANOSTRACA)

Members of the genus Artemia inhabit hypersaline inland waters and coastal salt ponds, and are therefore normally known as alkali shrimp. Nearly a century ago, Caesare Artom noted that " Artemia salina " contained diploid bisexual, diploid unisexual, and polyploid unisexual forms (Artom, 1906, 1911; Barigozzi, 1974; Lécher et al., 1995). Artemia is at present recognized to contain several distinct species, the majority of them bisexual and one unisexual. The unisexual species, Artemia parthenogenetica, is believed to be derived from a bisexual species, probably A. tunisiana (Browne and Bowen, 1991).

A. parthenogenetica consists entirely of thyletokous females, but is remarkable in that this includes both automictic and apomictic forms. The automicts, which undergo a form of meiosis but lack syngamy, are invariably diploid, whereas the apomictic cytotypes are polyploids. The polyploids are larger than the diploids in Artemia (Artom, 1926; Zhang and King, 1993), which is also the case in triploid versus diploid Trichoniscus pusillus isopods (Vandel, 1928). Intriguingly, polyploidy in A. parthenogenetica typically consists of odd-numbered ploidy levels (usually three10 and v10), which emphasizes the significance of their having adopted a system of apomictic reproduction. This pattern of polyploidization clearly cannot be explained by internal duplication events in diploid unisexuals, considering this would generate tetraploids and then octoploids. Instead, it has been suggested that polyploidy in A. parthenogenetica is generated past the fusion of a pronucleus containing 42 chromosomes with a polar body of 21, resulting in a nucleus with a triploid content of 63 chromosomes (Barigozzi, 1974). The potential part of repeated hybridization should also non be ignored in this case, but any the mechanistic basis, A. parthenogenetica provides an specially clear picture of the progression from bisexuality to unisexuality to polyploidy.

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CLADOCERA AND OTHER BRANCHIOPODA

Stanley I. Dodson , David Grand. Frey , in Environmental and Nomenclature of Northward American Freshwater Invertebrates (Second Edition), 2001

1. Salinity and Temperature

Some of these habitats are saline, and some species within the anostracan and conchostracan orders testify a loftier tolerance to salinity (Hartland-Rowe, 1966; 1972; D'Agostino, 1980). Artemia salina and Branchinecta campestris are the most tolerant, surviving in waters several times as saline every bit seawater. Nearly fairy shrimp, conchostracans, and notostracans tolerate a wide range of salinities; merely a few taxa, probably most species of Eubranchipus and some of Streptocephalus and Branchinecta, are restricted to depression-salinity water. On the other paw, Artemia are rarely constitute in water as dilute a seawater (D'Agostino, 1980; Eriksen and Brownish, 1980b). The greater salt tolerance of Branchinecta mackini (Broch, 1988) may provide an occasional refuge in fourth dimension or infinite from its co-occurring congeneric predator B. gigas.

The distributions of Artemia species and populations within species tin can be express by their salinity tolerances (Hartland-Rowe, 1972; Bowen et al., 1985; Abreu-Grobois, 1987). The viability of several populations in the A. franciscana (Kellogg) superspecies depended on salinity, the concentration of bicarbonate, and the chloride/sulfate ratio. These differences in salinity requirements between populations may be a factor in the process of speciation. Populations in unlike types of saline lakes are genetically isolated in nature, because nauplii from one source will dice in water from a dissimilar blazon of saline lake (Bowen et al., 1985).

Considering temporary ponds tin can oftentimes get quite warm, these crustaceans must oft tolerate high temperatures (Horne, 1971; Hartland-Rowe, 1972; Eriksen and Dark-brown, 1980a–c). Conchostracans do not perform well below 10°C, but they can live for at least a few hours at 30–35°C. Fairy shrimp from desert areas tolerate for several hours temperatures equally high equally forty°C. Several species that tolerate the highest temperatures are eurythermal, in that they can besides swim at temperatures near 0°C. Notostracans accept thermal tolerances similar to those of fairy shrimp, but there is significant variation among taxa. For case, the higher temperature tolerance of Branchinecta mackini provides a temporal refuge from its predator Lepidurus lemmoni (Eriksen and Brown, 1980b).

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Annonaceous Fruits

P. Padmanabhan , One thousand. Paliyath , in Encyclopedia of Food and Health, 2016

Pesticidal and Insecticidal Effects

Acetogenins isolated from fruit pericarp of A. squamosa showed antileishmanial activity and were inhibitory to Leishmania in vitro. Acetogenins also showed pesticidal backdrop. Extracts of A. muricata and A. cherimola seeds showed potent antiparasitic activity against Entamoeba histolytica, Nocardia brasiliensis, and Artemia salina . Also, acetogenins such as annonacin, isoannonacin, and goniothalamicin isolated from the leaves showed stiff antimolluscicidal activity. Apart from this, the leaves of A. muricata demonstrated antimalarial and antiprotozoal activities in vitro. A number of acetogenin-based commercial products were developed including a shampoo for treating head lice infestation, pesticidal sprays, and an ointment for the handling of oral canker (HSV-one) and other pare ailments. Additionally, acetogenins from Annonaceae and pawpaw showed very loftier insecticidal activity against a number of insects. They are particularly effective against chewing insects. Studies demonstrated that acetogenin compounds are toxic to pests including cockroaches, Colorado murphy beetle, blowfly larvae, musquito larvae, spider mites, European corn borers, melon or cotton aphids, and nematodes.

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